Immature bitter orange fruit

Ingredient Profile

Modern Research Perspective

Immature bitter orange contains flavonoids, furanocoumarins, synephrine-related alkaloids, and volatile oils. Experimental and human studies have examined digestive, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects, but preparations differ substantially.

Cardiovascular stimulation, blood-pressure effects, interactions, pregnancy, photosensitivity, and dose require caution. Broad disease efficacy is not established.

Traditional Function

Immature Bitter Orange Fruit is bitter, pungent, and slightly cold. It is used to regulate qi, reduce fullness, and address food stagnation or phlegm. Immature fruit is distinct from mature bitter orange and requires precise identity.