Bitter orange fruit

Ingredient Profile

Modern Research Perspective

Bitter orange contains flavonoids, furanocoumarins, synephrine, and volatile oils. Experimental and human studies have examined digestive, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects, but preparations differ and stimulant risk is relevant.

Cardiovascular stimulation, blood-pressure effects, interactions, pregnancy, photosensitivity, and dose require caution. Evidence does not establish broad disease treatment efficacy.

Traditional Function

Bitter Orange Fruit is traditionally bitter, pungent, and slightly cold. It is used to regulate qi, reduce fullness, relieve constipation, and address phlegm or digestive stagnation. Species and maturity are important to identity.